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奥斯曼帝国的妖后――洛克塞拉娜

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发表于 2009-4-17 10:08:34 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
作者:张莉莉

  奥斯曼帝国时代的土耳其,政治舞台是男人们的世界,女人是无权参与的,她们的位置在闺房里。但至少有一个女人,她甚至成功地操纵了苏丹王位的继承,并且影响了帝国数百年的历史。她的名字叫洛克塞拉娜,意思是“俄罗斯人”。她的生命就像一个梦幻,抑或是一个传奇。在培根的随笔中,这是一个妖后型的女性。

  首相的偶然选择改变了她的命运

  同奥斯曼帝国庞大后宫中的众多女奴一样,洛克塞拉娜的出身不详。她的童年时代很可能是在俄罗斯或者是在波兰度过的,她可能是一位神甫的女儿,一位平凡的农家女孩。或许她会得到一个平凡的丈夫,度过平凡的一生。但是一支穆斯林军队的劫掠改变了她的命运。她做了俘虏,被送往奥斯曼帝国的首都君士坦丁堡的奴隶市场上出售,为大首相易卜拉欣买得。哦,如果这位首相知道他买进家门的女奴有朝一日会成为他的主子和死敌,他一定悔恨得预先把自己吊死在他豪宅的大门上。

  当时奥斯曼帝国正处于它的巅峰时期,在位的苏丹是年轻的苏莱曼大帝。易卜拉欣与苏丹同岁,是他信赖的宠臣和形影不离的酒友。易卜拉欣很义气地送给朋友一份绝妙的礼物。这份礼物就是洛克塞拉娜。从此,洛克塞拉娜从一个荒僻的乡村进入了辉煌壮丽的奥斯曼帝国的皇宫,而一个国家的历史命运也将因一个女人改变。

  从洛克塞拉娜的画像上,可以看到,她虽非绝色佳丽,但气质高雅,双眸充满智慧。事实上,她堪称一位优秀的政治家和权术家。她玩弄政治游戏得心应手,把政敌逐个消灭。而这些人物都是苏丹的亲信和挚爱。苏莱曼大帝完全为她征服,在他眼里,她就是他的光明天使,而对于她灵魂中的黑暗,他双目如盲。

  洛克塞拉娜最初在后宫中的地位很低,但是,她决非那种安守本分的可怜女奴。凭着高雅的风度、成熟的智慧和高超的讲故事的能力(山鲁佐德的本领在当时是一种很受重视的技能),洛克塞拉娜很快吸引了苏丹的注意,并完全迷住了他。苏丹甚至肯带她一起在公开场合露面。在封建时代的土耳其,女人总是被深深地封闭在几重深宅的闺房里,由那些强壮的阉奴严加保护。

  “爱笑的姑娘”为了权力却很毒辣

  那个时候,苏莱曼已经有了一个儿子,穆斯塔法亲王,他的母亲也是一个女奴,古尔巴哈尔,意即“春天的玫瑰”。有一天,她与洛克塞拉娜发生了一场激烈的争吵。争吵的结果,洛克塞拉娜获得全胜,从此独占了苏丹的宠爱。而那位不幸的失宠女奴的地位和影响力则都在不断下降。

  不久,洛克塞拉娜为苏丹生下一个儿子,王位继承人之一。她一生为苏丹生了4个儿子,1个女儿。她看起来总是充满欢乐,无忧无虑,所以,苏丹赐给她一个土耳其名字“古尔勒姆”,意思是“爱笑的姑娘”。但苏丹没有看到她灵魂深处的痛苦。封建时代的土耳其,兄弟之间为争夺苏丹王位而进行的斗争极端残酷、极端冷血。15世纪末,征服者穆罕默德颁布了一条“杀害兄弟法律”:“朕的子孙中继承王位的那个人,有权处死他所有的兄弟。”这意味着,作为一个母亲,非洛克塞拉娜所生的王子必须死。

  洛克塞拉娜的活动卓有成效。1534年,古尔巴哈尔母子被打发到一个遥远的行省。他们从可以接近苏丹的圈子里被驱逐出去了。当他们奉命踏上路程时,肯定已经看到前途的黑暗。

  但是首相易卜拉欣却支持苏丹的长子。他设法让他立为皇储。易卜拉欣在少年时代就与当时还只是储君的苏莱曼相识。两人年岁相若,堪称莫逆。易卜拉欣受过良好的教育,才华横溢,为苏丹所赏识。苏丹把妹妹许配给他。他担任首相一职长达13年。

  但这一切都没有用。既然他不识相地同苏丹的宠妃作对,他也就把自己列在了洛克塞拉娜的死亡名单上。易卜拉欣的短处在于他担任首相的时间确实太长了。他忘了他权力再大也只是一个生死不由己的奴隶,他甚至敢于擅用“苏丹”的称号。洛克塞拉娜充分利用这一点。她使丈夫深信,他的好友和首相集权过多,已经对他构成威胁。于是在一个深夜,苏莱曼下令趁首相熟睡时把他绞死。他的尸体被抛在宫外,巨额家产被没收。时间是1536年。易卜拉欣在这场政治赌博中输得精光。

  紧接着,洛克塞拉娜向苏丹提出了一个惊人的要求,应该举行一个官方的正式的婚礼娶她,为她确定名分。出乎所有人的意料,苏丹同意了。奥斯曼帝国的苏丹们从不结婚。征服者穆罕默德是最后一个正式结婚的苏丹。在奥斯曼帝国初期,出于政治需要,与周边一些国家联姻。但是从穆罕默德之后,奥斯曼国家势力强大,已无此必要。为了避免后宫和外戚势力的影响,苏丹们都不举行正式婚礼。这次婚礼轰动了整个穆斯林世界和欧洲。洛克塞拉娜的儿子们则由此得到合法的王位继承权,她的影响也进一步扩大了。

  1541年,老宫发生了一场火灾。以此为借口,洛克塞拉娜带着大批宫女和太监搬迁至大塞拉留,奥斯曼帝国举世闻名的政治中心,苏丹与大臣议事的场所。在这里,她更接近王位和政权,可以更方便地干涉国家政务。1453年,征服者穆罕默德攻陷君士坦丁堡后,把后宫另行安置,使政治与妇女分开。从洛克塞拉娜搬迁至大塞拉留开始,土耳其“后宫政治”的时代拉开了帷幕。时间长达近百年。

  妖后败给了时间

  洛克塞拉娜对于苏丹以及政治的影响力是众所周知的,她曾和当时的波兰国王通信并送去贺礼。她的女儿米丽玛公主也曾与波斯的姊妹通信。另,洛克塞拉娜也是一个爱国者,她避免了奥斯曼帝国与新兴的俄罗斯之间的战争,把苏丹的注意力引向东方的波斯。

  1549年,苏莱曼要为洛克塞拉娜修建一座新宫殿。但是,洛克塞拉娜却担心,一旦她搬出大塞拉留,她就会失去对苏丹和政治的影响力。为了避免苏丹的怀疑,她建议,由她出资修建一座综合性的清真寺。她是奥斯曼历史上第一位修建清真寺的女性。此后,历代拥有权势的后宫妇女纷纷出资修建清真寺、陵墓,以便让后人记住她们。

  洛克塞拉娜的儿子们逐渐长大了。而穆斯塔法亲王是苏丹的宠儿,已被立为王位继承人。他德才兼具,深受军队拥戴。但是恰恰是军队的拥戴成为他致死的理由。洛克塞拉娜和她的女婿,大首相路斯底穆一起向苏丹进言,他的长子想学祖父的榜样,用武力赶他下台。苏莱曼命令儿子去解释清楚。为了表示诚意,穆斯塔法亲王解除了武装,单人匹马前往谒见他的父亲。当他进入苏丹的大营后,他的喊声回荡在平原上——至今似乎还能被人听到。而他的怨灵肯定还在荒野中飘荡不肯安息。据说,当亲王的僵尸被抬到苏丹的面前时,他确实流泪了。为了一个被杀害的这样的儿子,也为了一个能够杀害这样一个儿子的父亲。

  当洛克塞拉娜的儿子日汗吉尔听到他的长兄的噩耗时,他受不了这悲惨消息的刺激,自尽身亡。如果说每个人的灵魂中都有善恶两面的话,那么日汗吉尔就是母亲善的表现,但是洛克塞拉娜的这个儿子带着他的善良死掉了。

  (2004年第2期《看世界》)



英文资料Notes

Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem, pp. 92-112, 143-149, 236-265

In The Imperial Harem, Peirce discusses the roles and the political power of women in the Ottoman Sultan's harem. This selection will be rather difficult to understand without some background and a few vocabulary explanations.

The Sultan was, of course, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, an empire that had its beginnings in a small Turkish princely state around 1280, and that reached the pinnacle of its territorial extent and world power in the 16th century. In the early Ottoman period, Sultans married daughters of powerful families and daughters of rulers whose territories they conquered, as a way of solidifying political associations. However, by the 1400s, Sultans ceased taking wives, and instead took only concubines; by this time, a Sultan did not want to acknowledge anyone as a political equal, and marrying the daughter of a powerful person was seen as giving that person too much influence over the Sultan.

Succession to the Ottoman throne was a violent matter. From the 13th to the mid-16th centuries, the sons of the ruling Sultan would battle among themselves when the Sultan died, and the winner would assume the throne. This meant that the death of a Sultan meant short-term political turmoil, but it also was a good guarantee that only a son who was competent at both war and politics could become the new Sultan.

A concubine who gave birth to a son was valued. If her son became the new Sultan upon the death of his father, then she became the Valide Sultan, the mother of the Sultan. Given that succession was not by primogeniture, but by battle, no concubine's position was secure, and each concubine with a son had reason to work hard to promote her son's political interests.

Sultan Suleyman (ruled 1520-1566), often referred to as 'the Magnificent' changed patterns by choosing one of his concubines, Hurrem (a slave from Poland whose former name was Roxalana), as his favorite, or Haseki. Ultimately, he broke tradition thoroughly by marrying her. After this, numerous Sultans chose a single favorite concubine. At this point, the practices governing succession changed. You will read about those changes, and should take note of what they were. The result of the succession changes was a series of infant, ill, crazy or otherwise incompetent sultans in the 17th century.

Other than the Sultan and his Haseki, and the Valide Sultan, the major political figures in the Ottoman Court was the Grand Vezir, who was essentially the prime minister of the Ottoman government. The Grand Vezir was appointed and dismissed by the Sultan, and many Vezirs served brief terms of no more than a year or so, while a few managed to hold their positions for a long time. The Sultan sometimes solidified his Vezir's political loyalty by marrying a him to one of his own daughters, making him a damad, or a royal son-in-law.

Peirce discusses a period known as the "Sultanate of Women," when hasekis and valide sultans had unusual political power. To help you figure out who these characters are, here is a small chart of Ottoman Sultans and the important women in their lives. [taken from Peirce, p. 288]

Sultan Powerful concubine, wife, mother

Selim I (1512-1520) Hafsa (1520-1534)

Suleyman I (1520-1566) Mahidavran and then Hurrem

Selim II (1566-1574) Nurbanu (1574-1583)

Murad III (1574-1595) Safiye (1595-1603)

Mehmed III (1595-1603) Handan (1603-1605)

Ahmed I (1603-1617)

Mustafa I (1617-1618, 1622-23) Kosem (1623-1651)

Osman II (1618-1622)

Murad IV (1623-1640)

Ibrahim (1640-48) Turhan (1651-1683)

Mehmed IV (1648-1687)

From: http://www.lesee.com/read.php?tid=20758&fpage=14&toread=1 Powered by PHPWind.com
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